Released: 25.10.2010
A decade after the beginning of the century is quite a bit of science to the secrets yet to be solved: identification of dark matter makes up the universe and the possibility to produce black holes. Who will answer the challenge and succeed to crack these puzzles? Part One
British physicist Lord Kelvin in 1900 gave an important scientific lecture on the occasion of the end of the 19th century. He told her colleagues on the two phenomena could not explain.
A young man named Albert Einstein, accepted the challenge. Only five years after he published a series of articles that provided a full explanation of those phenomena, and in the process revolutionized the real scientific.
Einstein himself won the Nobel Prize in Physics and became the most famous person in the world. It took 110 years and today stands science of physics to the mysteries of new challenges have not yet found an explanation. We've gathered for you the ten most burning issues in the field, and today we present the top five. You are invited to meet the challenge.
1. Dark Side of the Universe
We know pretty much about the universe. For example, he created the big bang nearly 14 billion years, which is composed of billions of galaxies where stars, it expands and continues to expand now.
In fact, we would expect its rate of expansion will decrease, because between the galaxies is a force of gravity - which is gravity. But this does not happen. Observations of distant galaxies show that the rate of their distance from each other actually increasing, which means that there is a mysterious force causing the universe to rejection.
This phenomenon is called "dark energy", and not quite known what was happening. The only clue is prescribed Einstein equations: He thought about the possibility of rejection power fills the universe, but then changed his mind and said the idea was "the biggest mistake of my life."
Another problem is related to the amount of matter in the universe. The stars in the galaxy spinning around its center, like planets rotating around the sun. Rotational speed of the planets as small as they are farther from the sun, and we expect that this will also be the rotation speed of stars at the galaxy.
But observations show otherwise - all the stars spinning around the galactic center at the same speed, more or less. The usual explanation is that galaxies more material than what you see, just that nobody knows what it is. So he has been called "dark matter", and scientists are making every effort to find him and still did not succeed.
Away from Minnesota, underground, scientists working on finding concrete evidence of the existence of an invisible substance 90% from the universe component. At the end of the week are the first reported achievement, despite Ahlkiotam arouse much excitement. "If dark matter is found, it is the most important discoveries of the century - no doubt about it," says Professor Avishai Dekel of Hebrew University
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In other words, requires an understanding of two main components of the universe - dark energy and dark matter.
2. Following the earliest galaxies
Big Bang Theory is one of the greatest achievements of science. Can help restore what had happened during the first 400 thousand years existence of the universe. Then she began a long period of hundreds of millions of years, we have no evidence for her, after which the first galaxies appeared.
Light out of them then comes to us just now, and with huge telescopes can observe these galaxies and see them as they were when she was born.
So how galaxies? It does not have an answer. But we have an important clue: the center of every galaxy is a giant black hole probably formed together with her. Regular black hole created Achskoachab ends his life collapses to the size of a few kilometers, but the centers of galaxies and black holes are huge.
The amount of material equal to the amount of material which millions of stars, their creative mechanism should be different. Now just need to figure out how giant black holes are created ...
3. Hole (black) pocket
Black holes are extremely dense objects including gravity so great that even light can not get out of them. So are black on the outside. They also have a disturbing feature, that anything can go in - but there is no way out.
So why do scientists want to create black holes on Earth? First, a word of reassurance: trying to produce black holes in particle accelerators are really tiny, much smaller than a single atom. Such black holes evaporating in a split second, and probably not dangerous at all.
If we can produce them, we first investigate black holes close up. There is also a practical reason: a tiny black hole, while the short existence, can produce energy - is attracting material and increases the speed, that is giving him energy.
If we produce a lot of tiny black holes at a steady pace and use the energy they produce, perhaps we can solve the world's energy problems.
4. Cracking seeds
Coal and oil are the main energy sources of mankind. Achsshurafim them creates energy that can be converted through electricity or moving vehicles and machinery. The problem is that in that carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere - carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that can cause further global warming.
Another problem is air pollution and soil, hazardous byproducts. In the coming years many power plants will use an environmentally friendly alternative energy, like solar and wind energy, but not sure it would do to the population of Earth spendthrift.
Another solution is nuclear energy. Atom consists of nucleus with positive electric charge, surrounded by moving negatively charged electrons.Achsgeraen liver, for example the nucleus of uranium, splits into lighter nuclei - energy is released.
On this principle are built nuclear reactors, and unlike the atomic bombs.The downside of a nuclear reactor here is that hazardous byproducts should not be near them.
Another method that does not have nearly byproducts, grain sources of light elements, such as hydrogen, collide. Nuclei come together through a process called nuclear fusion, and here creates a lot of energy.
This is what happens in the sun, or the infamous hydrogen bomb. Nuclear fusion could become the main energy source of mankind if we overcome one problem: to positively charged nuclei collide and be rejected from each other, they should be high energy in advance.
In other words - should raise the temperature of the material to millions of degrees Celsius. This is a difficult task, and fusion reactors built to date spent more energy than they produced, so this thing is still not really worthwhile. Conclusion: Energy production facility required by nuclear fusion.
5. Unopposed
Produced electricity power station is pumped to homes via the electricity network. Some of the energy is lost due to electrical resistance of power cables themselves, and the electric company has to produce more electricity than necessary.
If only we could build the electrical grid electrical conductivity has no objection, was spared the wasted electricity. Actually have such materials, and call them superconductors - a. The only problem is that they function as a conduit - the only very low temperatures, close to absolute zero (minus 273 degrees Celsius).
It makes no sense to cool the temperature power grid such that the cost of much higher cooling power savings. But there is another way - to find superconductors - to maintain their properties even at higher temperatures.
Today, it is conductive - the operating temperature of 150 degrees Celsius below zero, but it's still not enough. Conclusion: Require a conductor - the works at room temperature.
6. Fly
If we want to visit other planets, maybe even other solar systems, we must increase the speed of spacecraft ours. Fastest spacecraft did not reach even a hundredth percent the speed of light, which means it would take thousands of years until they reach the nearest star (Proxima Centaurus).
Their engines today use ion engines (the language of ion - an electrically charged atom). In the first stage produce ions from gas, then accelerate to high speed electric or magnetic means, flow of ions coming from the back of the spacecraft makes it to increase its speed ahead.
The method would take us outside our solar system should be more efficient. Engine anti - matter is such a brilliant idea: a clash of material particles with other particles called anti - matter creates a lot of energy, which can be used to power spacecraft.
There are only two problems "small": We do not produce large quantities of anti - matter, we do not know where to save it, because any contact of anti - matter with matter will both disappear and turn into energy. Conclusion: A new method is required to power spaceships.
7. Changes in the calculation
Regular computer performs calculations using bits - binary digits. Bit can have only the value 0 or the value 1. Future computers will be based on quantum theory. They will do calculations using units of qubit, the quantum equivalent bit.
How it sounds strange, one qubit can be 0 and 1 simultaneously, two Akiobittim can be in four states, eight Akiobittim can be up to 256 different states!
The result is that it could be doing a lot of parallel actions, and the computer's calculation will wonders. Up to now succeeded in creating quantum computers with single Akiobittim still do not know how to produce a real quantum computer. But when he shows up, the fastest computer today will become immediately antiques.
8. As a creative hand
Today we are not able to bring a person even to the planet Mars, near us, because spacecraft can not protect astronauts from space radiation. To this end, new materials need to be light as a feather, strong as steel and impenetrable to radiation as a heavy lump of lead.
New materials development can help us in other areas. For example, construction of earthquake resistant houses, manufacturing wear clothes that make them invisible, even developing a mobile phone that can change shape and turn in a split second bracelet. In other words, we need new materials to be flexible, lightweight, strong and durable.
Today we are not able to bring a person even to the planet Mars, near us, because spacecraft can not protect astronauts from space radiation. To this end, new materials need to be light as a feather, strong as steel and impenetrable to radiation as a heavy lump of lead.
New materials development can help us in other areas. For example, construction of earthquake resistant houses, manufacturing wear clothes that make them invisible, even developing a mobile phone that can change shape and turn in a split second bracelet. In other words, we need new materials to be flexible, lightweight, strong and durable.
9. Return time
Remember the spacecraft speed we were going to build? So it turns out that if you are flying for a few days at near the speed of light, discovering Earth Achshachuzarym moved here many years.
In other words, a very fast spaceship lets make some kind of time travel to the future. Time travel at is a more complicated story, and though science does not rule it is not clear if at all possible.
Consider the following situation: A man goes back in time, accidentally kills his grandfather before he met his grandmother. If it does happen that person could be born, let alone go back in time.
But if he was not born and did not return back in time, so his grandfather would meet his grandmother and eventually that person will be born. It's called "grandfather paradox", and before you invent a time machine, you must find an explanation.
10. The most important discovery
We presented you with nine very difficult challenges, no one failed to meet them. To deal with them should start a good understanding of the problem, continue to collect research material and finish times of deep thought.
The truth is that even luck, and most of all have similarities - the most important discovery is not written here. The most important scientific discovery is that nobody yet thought of her, one that was not even the wildest dreams. This discovery will advance the science to new places and make the 21st century a turning point in human history.
Remember the spacecraft speed we were going to build? So it turns out that if you are flying for a few days at near the speed of light, discovering Earth Achshachuzarym moved here many years.
In other words, a very fast spaceship lets make some kind of time travel to the future. Time travel at is a more complicated story, and though science does not rule it is not clear if at all possible.
Consider the following situation: A man goes back in time, accidentally kills his grandfather before he met his grandmother. If it does happen that person could be born, let alone go back in time.
But if he was not born and did not return back in time, so his grandfather would meet his grandmother and eventually that person will be born. It's called "grandfather paradox", and before you invent a time machine, you must find an explanation.
10. The most important discovery
We presented you with nine very difficult challenges, no one failed to meet them. To deal with them should start a good understanding of the problem, continue to collect research material and finish times of deep thought.
The truth is that even luck, and most of all have similarities - the most important discovery is not written here. The most important scientific discovery is that nobody yet thought of her, one that was not even the wildest dreams. This discovery will advance the science to new places and make the 21st century a turning point in human history.
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